Gastrointestinal Bleeding ⁽¹⁾

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding refers to bleeding from the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, the jejunum after gastrojejunostomy, the pancreas, or the biliary tract above the ligament of Treitz. Clinically it is mainly detected through hematemesis and melena. Patients losing less than 500 mL have mild bleeding, with…