Medical Biology ⁽⁵⁾

A hereditary disease, or genetic disease for short, is a disease caused by a change in the genetic material within cells (chromosomal aberration or gene mutation). It involves changes in the structure and function of genetic material in somatic cells, germ cells or fertilized eggs.

Cytoplasm is all the region inside the cell membrane and outside the nuclear envelope. It includes organelles and the cytosol. Under the electron microscope, the cell is divided into membranous structures and non-membranous structures. Membranous structures include the cell membrane and membrane-bound organelles within the…

Approximately 150 to 200 million years ago, the common ancestor of all mammals—the cynodont, which lived in the Triassic period—appeared on Earth. Mammals evolved from reptile-like animals; they are the most structurally advanced and physiologically complete animals in the animal kingdom. Most mammals are covered…

In the United States there is a dedicated profession called the genetic counselor. A genetic counselor is not a clinician, but possesses rich oncology knowledge and can help clients analyze their own and their family's cancer risk, identify high-risk causes of carcinogenesis, design pre-cancer intervention…

Once at dinner my son and I discussed homosexuality. I said sexual orientation is set in the womb, determined by genes; Xq28, FucM, Wnt-4, and Sphinx are among the so-called gay genes found so far. My son said that, per epigenetics, acquired environmental events can…