Pathology ⁽⁵⁾

Hemorrhage refers to the escape of red blood cells from the circulating blood out of the cardiac chamber or vascular lumen into the tissue spaces, body cavities, or body surface. Hemorrhage is both physiological and pathological: physiological hemorrhage, such as menstruation in women; and pathological…

When human cells and tissues are subjected to stimuli from the external environment, they automatically make certain adaptive changes. If the external stimulus does not exceed the tolerance range of the cells and tissues, they suffer no injury; but when the intensity and duration of…

Among all the reports from cancer workups, one of the most important is the pathology report. It often contains phrases such as "moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma," "poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma," or "well-differentiated urothelial carcinoma." What do moderately, poorly, and well differentiated mean? And what does…

Cellular edema (also called hydropic degeneration or watery change) is the earliest pathological change in cell injury, arising from impaired function of the mechanisms that regulate cell volume and cytoplasmic ion concentration. Cellular edema is an important topic in Western pathology; its essence is the…

The circulatory system, composed of the heart, blood vessels, capillaries, and lymphatic vessels, is the most important organ system of our body. Over long evolution, it has developed not only a fully functional structure but also powerful self-regulatory mechanisms, so that as the environment changes…